About Reliance Jio in detail.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3
THE OVERALL MARKET SIZE, GROWTH TRENDS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS ............... 4
MARKET SIZE .................................................................................................................................................. 4
GROWTH TRENDS ............................................................................................................................................ 4
FUTURE PROJECTIONS............................................................................................................................ 5
THE MAIN MARKET SEGMENTS; TARGETING, POSITIONING .................................................. 6
SEGMENTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
TARGETING ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
POSITIONING ................................................................................................................................................... 6
MAJOR MACRO AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE MARKET AND
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS ............................................................................................................. 7
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS ............................................................................................................................ 7
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS ALONG WITH PORTER’S 5 FORCES MODEL ......................................... 8
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................................... 8
PORTERS 5 FORCES MODEL .............................................................................................................................. 9
COMPETITOR ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 10
ANALYSIS OF 7PS OF MARKETING WITH STRENGTH WEAKNESS ........................................ 11
7PS OF JIO ................................................................................................................................................ 11-12
SWOT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 13
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction

In the year 2010, Reliance acquired Infotel broadband service limited and entered in broadband
services market. At present Reliance Jio infocomm LTD, solely own by RIL for 4800 crores. The
organization has as of late increased fourth era (4G) licenses for working crosswise over India. It
is the primary telecom administrator to hold container India bound together permit. This permit
approves RJIL to give all media transmission administrations aside from worldwide portable
individual correspondence by satellite administration. RJIL holds range in 1800 MHz (crosswise
over 14 circles) and 2300 MHz (crosswise over 22 hovers) fit for offering 4G remote
administrations. (Rahate & Shaikh, 2014)
Dependence Jio is four circumstances speedier of 3G and 16 times the speed of 2G. This is relied
upon to bring about issues for 3G players, for example, Bharti, Vodafone and Idea, who have paid
an enormous cost to purchase the range RJIL is setting up a whole advanced environment with
expressed objective to break the computerized separate between "India" also, "Bharat" and push
India into worldwide administration in advanced economy. The biological system comprises of
pan India rapid system, a wide assortment of uses and administrations - from news, excitement,
installment, business, social insurance and training – and rich substance. RJIL has made a legacy
free, cutting edge voice and broadband system which can be flawlessly redesigned even to 5G and
past. It will be the main organization on the planet giving people to come advanced administrations
over a conclusion to-end all-IP organize at this scale.
(Kalyani, 2016) (Reliance Jio Infocomm, 2016)

1. The overall market size, growth trends and future projections

Market size of Jio is the second telecom player. In which Jio is capturing more than 23% per cent
of the Indian market and per some mobile app like True caller and True insights data Jio as grown
rapidly in the latter half of 2016 that is over 16.2 million subscribers in November and taking the
total subscribes base to 51.87 million after launching the services. And as per telecom Regulatory
Authority of India, telecom subscriber has grown over 1.12 billion and large number were credited
to Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd and TRAI data also state that Jio is leading in mobile broadcast
segment which is followed by idea, Artiel and Vodafone and in internet data services also Jio leads
with the 42 percent users having activated 4G (KAUR & MALHOTRA, 2014) (IANS, 2017)
(source: TARI 2016 Srivastava and Anand)

Growth trends

Telecom industry is a booming industry which contributes 3billion per day revenue. Some people
say that the organization are continuously reducing cost and their expenditure which accelerate
growth in some segment of telecom industry and they are penetration on fiber in the access network
and quick development and deployment of associated technologies. At the present era, all telecom
operator following 3 key points customers who buy the product, operators who sell the product
and equipment vendor who make services available (Kumar, 2014)
(Advise analytics, 2017)
The future projection of Jio was decided at annual general meeting which included tariff plan
and tariff packages focused on specific categories of users and Jio is also planning to file its tariff
plans with (TRAI) Telecom regulatory authority of India and special tariff plan for LYF customers
to make these handsets more attractive and opened the preview offers to almost all leading
smartphone brands. Reliance Infocomm has tied up with around 20 smartphone brands to bundle
Jio sim cards and mainly targeting primarily RS 3000-10000 segment smartphone which will still
contributes around 75% of sales in India and to raise their share by 45% by value and company is
planning to offer services at substantially lower rates than rivals. Jio will make services accessible
and affordable to all consumers (Mukherjee & Gupta, 2016)
Jio, was exhibiting chatbots of its own that could soon discover their way to an Android telephone
close you. At the GSMA Innovation City in Hall 4, Jio was showing four chatbots - JioNews,
JioWiki, JioDine, and JioCafe, running inside the Jio4GVoice application - that Jio clients will
soon have the capacity to connect with to find solutions on their general inquiries, to get up to
speed with news, or to consider eateries and book a table.
(Staff gadget 360, 2016)

2) The main market segments; Targeting, Positioning

IO wants to tab all the

major market segments in

India and sees a massive

potential in the areas and

mainly focusing on tab with

VOLTE feature phones and

also seeing that 2G featured

phone is still big picture so

developing two new feature

phones which is priced at near

to 1000 to 1500 and they

function like smartphone and

can access data the only thing

missing is touchscreen and also

segmenting people by new

device will be aimed first and

also first time data users at

present they are segmenting

there consumer by LTE

technology users which is new

segment because 4G

smartphone can cost around

4000

(Aulakh & Khan, 2016)

TARGETING- JIO focuses on the corporate organizations, as MNC or App based taxi specialist

organizations alongside sustenance conveyance administrations and numerous increasingly that
requires web association from application. For an ordinary people 149 for 300 MB or 500 for 4GB
is an excessive amount of internet. The next phase of target customers for Jio will be people
using Feature Phone. Reliance Jio target to bring involved 100 million consumers by rolling out
4G network across the country and added to it translate data usage of 250 crore GB per month. Jio
also targeting and tie up with smartphones like Vivo,Gionee, Karbonn and Lava for expanding its
unlimited calls and high speed mobile broadband trial offer to 4G users (Bhatia & Palepu, 2016)

Positioning fundamentally involves applying the targeting.
Product (premium, basic)

Price (premium, low price, value)
Distribution (intensive, selective, exclusive)
Promotion (prestige, fun, powerful) (UK ESSAYS, 2015)
Jio positioned by its free sim and offering free voice calls minutes and high speed data made
it identify different from its rivals and gained more status. And being operationally excellent
J
and providing reliable services to the consumer at free of cost and by technologically it is
providing the most advanced products currently available (BHULLAR, 2016)

3) Major macro and global environmental influences on the market and Critical Success
Factors

RJio is further focusing on data rather than voice which is the primary source of income which
made drastic change in an Indian telecom operator. And RJio rivals like Vodafone, Artiel, idea
and Bsnl earn more from voice services which is around three fourth around Indian shares or total
market share of telecom industry. RJio was stated that biggest start up in the world with a heavy
investment of capital of more than 1,50,000core. So the telecom market reacted like Bharti Airtel
one of market leader of telecom industry announced that it will reduce the price of internet services
by 80% which is 51 per GB and Vodafone decided to revise its offering of internet and also
announced to invest Rs 47,700 crore to expand and deploy latest technologies that is 4G and 5G
and BSNL planning to match with RJio offering tariff by tariff and RJio announced that BSNL
customer can use RJio network while roaming and RJio customer can use BSNL’S 2G network to
make voice call ( Sathe 2016) and the entry of RJio will also rush market in merging and strategic
alliance (Guru, 2017) (Bureau, 2017)
The main critical success factor for RJio is that his competitor like BHARTI,IDEA AND
VODAFONE who has maximum market share of India that is three-fourth of telecom industry and
they have heavily invested in second generation (2G) and third generation (3G) technologies and
only RJio who has full-fledged investment in new technologies like 4G and it is one of telecom
operator with fully Data centric services and it is completely based on voice over long term
evolution (VoLTE) which permits voice transferred over internet protocol and with the fastest
speed as compare to the old or traditional network and RJio has advertising by prime minister
Narendra modi endorsing offering is also one of the success factor and JIO products and services
were now recognized as game changer and revolutionary and its offering unlimited voice call and
also attractive tariff plans made the RJio as challenger or 2nd market leader in India
(Bhatia & Rao , 2016) (JOSH, 2016)

4) Industry Analysis along with Porter’s 5 Forces Model

The Indian telecom market has five giant players ensuring
enough competition but there will not fragmentation of
spectrum. India is the world’s second mobile services
market after china and Indian telecom industry has been
rushed by JIO’s free calls and internet plans which made
market to slash tariff at cost of profit and there will be many
consolidation playing out in market of telecom like Bharti
Airtel told to acquire TELENOR’S which make the market
share of company to be raised by 35.6% and Vodafone &
Idea are planning to be merging their business and can create
biggest telecom operator in India with about $12 billion in
sales and Reliance communication has signed to merge with
Aircel and The Telecom Department tried a huge number of
changes in 2016 went for hopeful simplicity of working
together. This involved planning the privilege of route tenets
for speedier telecom arrange take off, range harmonization,
expanding the accessibility of range through closeout and
presentation of Aadhar-based eKYC for new portable
associations
(Oommen, 2014)

(Bureau, 2017)
1. Intensity of competition among rivals

Among the telecom sector Airtel is the strongest rivals like BSNL & VODAFONE. Before
there were only two of them but now there are more than ten competitors as shown in fig. and
these company providing same or can say similar services with the same capabilities and the
strong presence of competitors is a major threat for the survival and providing innovative
products and services to the customer which directly means that it must also provide the same
to customers the rivalry to RJio are Bharti Airtel, Vodafone, BSNL, Idea, Tata
communication, Aircel, MTNL

2. Bargaining power of buyer

Buyer will not purchase the products in bulk but also can change the company or can switch
for who are providing better quality of services and coverage and rates and in
telecommunication industry is high due to lack of differentiated products and the strong buyer
power will reduce the cost prices in the industry though not to the level of its competitors
3. Threats from substitutes
In telecom industry, the products are easily available is a great threat for the survival and it
can cut the prices of its product to stay in the market and the rate of growth is very low as
compare to other industry. Google Talk, skype and email have emerged as substitutes to
mobile services
4. Potential entry of new competitors
At present the technologies of telecom industry are so high to invest and required heavy capital
to start so the probability of new entrants is very limited and the rapidly changing technologies
make it difficult for new entrants to cope
5. Bargaining power of suppliers
To the extent, the providers are concerned, the advantages and disadvantages to all specialist
organizations are equivalent that might be in human asset or items.
(Majumdar & Bhattacharya, 2014)

5) Competitor Analysis

o Singapore Telecommunication Limited is one of the key stakeholder in Bhati Airtel
announced that it will sign an agreement with its major owner Temasek Private limited
company to own 7.39% stake in Airtel telecom limited it’s a deal worth 659.51$ million
o One of the largest Malaysia’s largest telecom firm that is Axiata digital has made entry into
Indian market by investing 100 crores in Bengaluru
o Indian government is also gaining from the sale of spectrum in 16-17 and achieved a set target
of 3.5%
o The subsidiary company of Vodafone that is Vodacom SA has entered with an agreement
with Tata communication to buy the asset of Tata communication
o Indian fourth largest mobile service provider that is reliance communication has acquired
Sistema Shyam Teleservices the unit of Russian company which include payments to
government for spectrum
o Ericsson one of the Swedish telecom company which make equipment has announced that it
will launch a new radio system in Indian market to provide 5G services in future
The above facts which made clear that the telecom subscriber has expands noticeably in India.
It is a situation that the market with lot of alternative to its consumer it straightly tells that it is a
buyer market. The stable people are enjoying the services of voice and internet from respective
providers
(Kalyani, 2016)
Though, the delay in the dispatch of RJio's administrations has implied that top administrators,
for example, Bharti Airtel BSE 1.22 %, Vodafone India and Idea Cellular BSE 0.43 % have
extended their 4G benefits crosswise over geography as well as brought Data costs down to hold
and pull in new consumers, narrowing the extension for RJio to play the value amusement and
beat customers
(Gupta, 2016)

6. Analysis of 7Ps of Marketing with

Strength weakness

PRODUCT: If we contrast the item and officeholder

players in the Indian Telecom industry then we
found these extraordinary things in Reliance Jio
o RJio works just on 4G and would have the
capacity to boost 5G, 6G
o RJio is completely VoLTE based and that
implies voice calls would be made through Data
network
o Free voice calls and free roaming is the core
USP (Unique Selling Proposition) of Reliance RJio
o RJio consumers will appreciate Free welcome
offer till March, 2017. This contains free Data,
voice calls and helpful applications and substance.
RJio would utilize that opportunity to make
consumers familiar with RJio's elements and to
moderate the interconnection issues with another
administrator. Deliberately, it can be to pick up
piece of the pie as fast as could be expected under
the circumstances.
o eKYC would empower clients to get RJio SIM initiation in 15 minutes. Aadhar card would
be utilized for that. In any case, Airtel and Vodafone additionally had this administration.
o Jio TV, Jio Chat, Jio Cinema, Jio Music, Jio Mags, Jio Xpress News, Jio Money, Jio Security,
Jio Newspaper, My Jio, Jio Chat Messenger, Jio 4G voice, Jio Drive and JioSwitch

PRICE: RJio has guaranteed to its consumers to get the least expensive (low value) Data even

after the finish of welcome offer.
o As low, as in scope of Rs. 50 for each GB. And additionally, giving 8GB of Wi-Fi access at RJio Wi-
Fi hotspots, and boundless utilization around evening time, so it unquestionably works out to an
exceptionally sensible sum, and under that Rs. 50/GB figure once you consider that.

PLACE: RJio is an Indian company with Pan-India presence. For the accessibility of item circulation

channels ought to be all around arranged.
o RJio has arranged circulation procedure in such a way, to the point that, however RJio is new
participant yet at the same time it as of now has a compass to 18000 urban communities and
more than 2 lac towns crosswise over country.
o RJio is sense to cover around 90 percent of India up-to March, 2017. RJio has emphasis of having
around 1 million of Wi-fi hotspots till the mid of 2017 and duties give client to have additional
information at Wi-fi hotspots.
o Wi-fi hotspots for system would be school, universities and other open places (that is another
methodology to inspire more consumers to change to RJio)

PROMOTION: RJio has commenced an aggressive marketing strategy to create

positive brand awareness, Promotion assumes a notable part in making pull from consumer side,
and if your item obliges mass open then ATL (Above The Line) channels are chosen and RJio has
made a honorable showing with regards to by making technique much before dispatch of RJio
on September, 2016.
o Reliance assumed control TV18 organize for around Rs. 4000 centers in May, 2014. Network18
claims TV channels (counting CNBC TV18, CNN-IBN, CNN Awaz), sites (firstpost.com,
moneycontrol.com), magazines (counting the permit for Forbes India), stimulation channel
(Colors, MTV and Home Shop Entertainment) among different organizations
o This aided Reliance to get irregular state of media scope through this(TV18) and other media
houses.
o In the advancement procedure, RJio has made Shahrukh Khan as its brand ambassador. TVC,
Banners, hoardings and print media ad. On advanced stages, online networking advancement
was additionally done.
o 'RJio Digital life' is the slogan utilized by brand which is adjusted to #Digital India battle of Modi
Government, additionally it is speaking to the youthful generation (18–35 age aggregate)
utilizing electronic gadgets and web for its day by day exercises
o At six cricket stadiums during ICC World Twenty20 RJio offered free internet WIFI and each one
of its services free till the end of the financial year 2016.
(Lin, 2011) (Bhasin, 2017)

People: Depends on the total employees and training and development and maintaining strong

relationship with intermediaries are the focus area to be considered
o Jio is service industry and which involves a high level of people interaction and it is one of the
important tool to use this resources efficiently to satisfy customer
o Dedicated and passionate workforce
o Reward and recognition
o Employee engagement

Process: The service process of Jio is very easy customer can avail it very easily

o Jio has customer care support number which can be dialed from any part of India
o For smoothen the process flow by IT and Data warehousing. IT will help servicing large no of
customer efficiently and bring down overheads.

Physical evidence

o Sim card, recharge voucher
o Service outlets
o Digital tv services
o It also includes signage, reports, punch lines etc.

Strengths:

o Brand name
o Outstanding advertising and marketing helped RJio brand to strong launch
o RJio has strong Pan India presence and has an operation more than 22 circles
o Apps of RJio as a unique feature which offer movies, games, chat messenger, shopping
news etc. under one roof
o Advantage of cost
o Pricing power
o Strong management

Weakness:

o Delay in launching
o The campaign launch by Jio was controversial because it was showing the image of PM
o Customer Base not available as commercial services
Opportunities:
o New services
o Large scale availability of smart phone
o Emerging market
o New products
o International expansion
o Attention on customer services and MNP can help RJio to overcome competition

Threats:

o Intense competition
o After completing of free services of RJio people would not use Jio
o Existing player have a strong presence and have loyal customer which would be difficult
to address to
o Mobile number portability (Satinder & , 2015) (Stork, 2012)

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

o Advise analytics, 2017. CAN RELIANCE JIO LIVEN UP THE MUTED GROWTH STORY
OF APPLE. [Online]
Available at: http://www.aviseanalytics.com/can-reliance-jio-liven-up-the-muted-growthstory-
of-apple/
[Accessed 4 march 2o17].
o Aulakh, G. & Khan, D., 2016. Jio prepares to launch 4G feature phones with unlimited
voice, video calling. 16 november.
o Bhasin, H., 2017. Marketing Mix Of Reliance Jio – Reliance Jio Marketing Mix. 3 March.
o Bhatia, J. & Palepu, A. R., 2016. Reliance Jio: Predatory Pricing or Predatory Behaviour.
economic and political weekely, 51(39).
o Bhatia, J. & Rao , A., 2016. Reliance Jio: Predatory Pricing or Predatory Behaviour - See
more at: http://www.epw.in/journal/2016/39/web-exclusives/reliance-jio-predatorypricing-
or-predatory-behaviour. Economic and political weekely, 51(39).
o BHULLAR, S., 2016. Jio rocks the market with its STP strategy. 8 August.
o Bureau, 2017. Reliance Jio Tariff Very Aggressive, Unsustainable, Says Airtel's Sunil
Mittal. India's largest mobile operator Bharti Airtel has said the new tariff announced by
Reliance Jio is very aggressive and unsustainable, and the industry will respond to it with
more competitive plans and additional data offerings, 28 february.
o Bureau, B. O., 2017. Five Major Telcos Optimum For Indian Market, Says Telecom
Secretary J S Deepak. His comments assume significance as India -- the world's second
largest mobile services market after China -- is in the midst of massive consolidation with
incumbent operators joining forces to take on aggressive newcomer Reliance Jio, 26
FEBRUARY.
o Gupta, D., 2016. Reliance Jio will not fight competitors on cost, but on quality of service,
says top executive. 15 april.
o Guru, S., 2017. The assault by Reliance Jio has left Idea Cellular particularly vulnerable as
it talks merger with Vodafone. 'India’s Most Valuable CEOs 2017, 7 March.
o IANS, 2017. Reliance Jio second in user base with 23 per cent market share. 15 February.
o JOSH, J., 2016. Reliance Jio Amazing Facts |MBA Brief Case Study. 2 september.

o Kalyani, P., 2016. An Empirical Study on Reliance JIO Effect, Competitor’s Reaction and
Customer Perception on the JIO’S Pre- Launch Offer. Journal of Management Engineering
and Information Technology (JMEIT), 3(5), pp. 18-19.
o KAUR, K. & MALHOTRA, N., 2014. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND ECONOMIC
GROWTH IN INDIA. IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Business
Managemen, 2(5), pp. 32-35.
o Kumar, D., 2014. TELECOM SERVICES: EMERGING TRENDS, OPPORTUNITIES
AND RISK. Research paper , 1(5), p. 36.
o Lin, S.-M., 2011. Marketing mix (7P) and performance assessment of western fast food
industry in Taiwan: An application by associating DEMATEL and ANP. African Journal
of Business Management, 5(26), p. 10635.
o Majumdar, S. & Bhattacharya, P. P., 2014. Porter Five Forces Analysis of the.
International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 3(2), pp. 148-151.
o Mukherjee, W. & Gupta, D., 2016. Mukesh Ambani may disclose Jio's future plans at
Reliance Industries' AGM on September 1. 31 AUGUST.
o Oommen, M. C., 2014. Automated Network Inventory creation using Web based solution.
pp. 2-3.
o PTI, 2016. Reliance Jio sets target of 100 million customers. 02 september.
o Rahate, D. V. & Shaikh, P. P., 2014. Business strategies in Telecom sector: A case of
Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd.. Indian journal of applied research , 4(6), pp. 263-264.
o Reliance Jio Infocomm, 2016. Launch of Digital Services by Reliance Jio Infocomm
Limited. Mumbai, Reliance Jio Infocomm.
o Satinder & N., 2015. International conference on science, technology and management.
THE IMPACT OF MOBILE COMMERCE IN INDIA: A SWOT ANALYSIS, 27 September,
pp. 2509-2510.
o Staff gadget 360, 2016. Reliance Jio Demos Chatbots Inside Jio4GVoice App at MWC
2017. [Online]
Available at: http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/reliance-jio-demos-chatbots-insidejio4gvoice-
app-at-mwc-2017-1667134
[Accessed 7 march 2017].
o Stork, D. C., 2012. Strategic Analysis of the Telecommunication Sector. 9 August.

o UK ESSAYS, 2015. SEGMENTATION TARGETING AND POSITIONING OF
VODAFONE PLC. 23 March.

Start up planning or job which one is better?

Hey guys,
so are you a graduate?
Finding difficult to decide to opt for Job or start up?

so here is the solution

when your studying only concentrate on your study but spend at least 30 min a day for planning your business plan and write down the point what comes to your mind. because in mind the ideas are contentiously flowing and at certain time we always forget what was that super idea  that was came in few min back. DO this activity daily up-to your end of your graduation level 

Than find out the job and make mind set you only work for 2 year and make all the trail and error at you job you will learn a lot from job like how jointly team work, what the cultural they follow, what set of attitudes we should have to deal with people, how to impress corporate  and how to take out the work from them the job is like "second hand car make all the trail and error in that second hand car Because we don't care if something goes wrong then purchase a new car" same in job  
but do respect what you do work is worship. 
and again has much you can in job it like paid learning to you 

Than start your start up which you have already worked in your graduate level in full fledged one with proper idea and knowledge  

 because in graduate you have only theoretical knowledge and in job you earn and get practical knowledge 


Hope this blog has helped you and best of luck for your start up 

• When something is important enough, you do it even if the odds are not in your favor.

• The only thing that makes sense is to strive for greater collective enlightenment.

• The single best piece of advice: Constantly think about how you could be doing things better and questioning yourself.

                                                                                 Future billonarie 

                                                                                    -- Varun Betala

vars project report on volvo

“Our customers must succeed if we are to succeed. That’s why our customers’ success is vital for us.”

Martin Lundstedt, President and CEO of Volvo Group.

3

4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project report could not have been prepared if not for the support and guidance of a number of a people.

Hence, for the same reason I would like to thank my Head of the Department, Dr.Siddhartha Bose for her overall support and guidance.

I would like to thank my faculty guide, Prof.Nirmal Iyenger, Professor in the department of operations for his guidance and support throughout the internship and for being one of the main reasons for the successful completion of this project.

5

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 6

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................ 7

PLANNING OF OPERATIONS IN MANUFACTURING ......................................................................... 8

QUALITY SYSTEMS: ............................................................................................................................. 8

MAIN ASSEMBLY: ............................................................................................................................... 9

GEAR BOX ASSEMBLY: ..................................................................................................................... 10

CABS-PAINT SHOP AND WELDING................................................................................................. 10

ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY.......................................................................................................... 11

TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE PRODUCT .......................................................................... 12

TECHNOLOGY- VOLVO DEALER NETWORK ............................................................................... 13

REMOTE DIAGNOSTICS .................................................................................................................... 14

YELLOW CASES .............................................................................................................................. 14

RED CASES ...................................................................................................................................... 14

VOLVO GEO-FENCING ................................................................................................................... 15

PREMIUM MAINTENANCE PLANS .............................................................................................. 15

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES ............................................................................................. 16

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY............................................................................................................... 19

CAPACITY MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................... 20

PURPOSE OF THE INITIAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT SHEET (ICAS) &CAPACITY ASSESSMENT SHEET (CAS) .............................................................................................................. 21

FACTORS AND STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAG E ................................. 22

STRENGTHS ........................................................................................................................................ 22

WEAKNESSES ..................................................................................................................................... 22

OPPORTUNITIES ................................................................................................................................. 22

THREATS ............................................................................................................................................. 22

STAKEHOLDER’S ANALYSIS FOR VOLVO TRUCKS: ...................................................................... 23

CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 24

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 26

6

Introduction

Volvo is an 89 year (April1927) old group it was founded by Assar Gabriel son and Gustav Varson in the Gothenburg, Sweden it is a publicly traded aktiebolag whereas its first product came out is a car now in the present market they are linked with the products like

 trucks

 buses

 construction equipment

 heavy engines

 Financial services

It this project is deals the operation of production process of Volvo and deals with the management of new technology utility.

Volvo Group is providing an employment about 100000 people in the present market, Production was taking place in the 18 nation and it has the sales in the 96% of countries across the world. Their mission is “Driving prosperity through transport solutions”. Their tag line is “For life”.

Now they are occupied roadway and seaway and they concentrate on the safety of travelling and the people. They started with the production of cares but they occupied a large market in the trucks and buses.

Step points of Volvo

 In 1999 is the period where Volvo had step down by selling Volvo car to Ford Motor.

 In 2001 Volvo had a step by over taking the Renault trucks and Mack trucks.

 In 2007 Volvo has a step by taking Nissan trucks

 In 2007 it has one more step by purchasing Lingong, Chinese manufactures of construction equipment.

 In 2008 Volvo has a step by starting a joint venter with Eicher motors ltd

 In 2012 British engineering group GKN has taken the rights of the aerospace component company Volvo aero.

 In 2014 Volvo has purchased Terex trucks.

7

Organization Structure

Source: Volvo Group 2016(2016),26Jun, 2016, [online], available: http://www.volvogroup.com/

Group functions

Group trucks technology

CEO and group executive board

Group trucks operations

Group trucks purchasing

Volvo trucks

UD trucks

Renault trucks

Mack trucks

Group trucks Asia & JVs

Volvo construction equipment

Volvo bus

Volvo penta

Governmental sales

Volvo financial services

Customers

8

Planning of operations in manufacturing

In 1928 the first production of Volvo truck was started and by the year 2011 there are 19000 people are working in the Volvo.

The production system starts in the step by step process as given in the billow table

Quality systems:

Transport and infrastructure should be the customer fulfillment. All the activated which are doing in the company will lead to the customer attention towards the product and increase the value of the product in the customers.

The performance of the quality is dignified by the customer involvement. The success in the marketplace based on the customer satisfaction when we are able to reach the customer requirement. We have to overcome our market defender to lead the success. By the customer requirement we have to full fill there needs according to the operation process.

The employers in the company should be the customer attentive and able to deliver the quality production. Everyone should have a clear view about delivery of the quality product in their

Quality systems

Main assembly

Gearbox assembly

Paint shop & cab

Environment & safety

• creating value for customers in selected segments

• pioneering products and services for the transport and infrastructure industries

• driving quality, safety and environmental care

• Working with energy, passion and respect for the individual.

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mind set this is the policy of the Volvo group. The various co-relations within or outside the Volvo has to follow the quality system.

Quality of the trucks will be known by the rewords, sales and product developing with the new technology. Knowing the customer individual move towards every product and improving the product according to the customer want by this process we can win the market share. this process should be continuous to lead the market.

(Written by: Olof persson ,president and CEO of the Volvo group on date july9, 2012 plo000-0005 http://www.volvotrucks.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/VTC/Corporate/Values-2012/VTC_Quality_Policy%20-%20English.pdf)

Main assembly:

Starting from the riveting frame rails till the point where the truck is on the roads, the truck undergoes a 9 stage operation process. This is the main assembly framework and it is well defined by set of instructions and tools and equipment. These are checked for quality and have a defined calibration cycle.

 “Each preceding stage and forward stage act like customer and supplier concept”.

 A computerized process quality check is implemented at the end of the assembly line. These electro mechanical functional checks are important because the trucks have large electronic integration. The processes include microprocessors for vehicle, engine management etc. all the software and hardware programs are checked via computers and every truck is connected to a remote server in Sweden.

 Functions like lighting , accelerators, brake ,gear shift operations and even cases of faults are checked through computers.

 All the trucks will be sent for test driving on real road conditions for atleast about 50kms and all the above functions are checked once again before it is been delivered to the customer.

Recently Volvo trucks has started its assembly operations for heavy trucks in Bangkok, Thailand. The expected production this year is expected to be around 150 volvo FM trucks, increasing to 350 vehicles next year. The investments in the main assembly factory functions amount to USD 1 million.

It is one of the first foreign manufacturers of heavy trucks to establish facilities in Thailand with and expected capacity of the factory at full operation being 500 trucks per year in a single shift operation. The employment from the plant is expected too be around 30 people. The main

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investment components will include new production line tooling, rigs etc. All these components are to be supplied by local sub-contractors at a larger level.

Gear box assembly:

Volvo has only two units outside of Sweden that assembles gear boxes. India is one of those two units. The assembly is carried out in a controlled environment.

The gear box assembly consists of the latest machinery which supports the process of washing and degreasing the parts. All these gear boxes are filled with recycled oil and are tested for even the slightest of leakages.

There is a driveline simulator in the gearbox assembly line where in the noise levels and gear engagements are put into severe tests.

Cabs-paint shop and welding

Volvo trucks has world class facilities for painting of cabs ,plastic parts, trailers and chassis components. All these materials and systems confirm to the international standards of Volvo specifications.

The painting requirements as from customers perspective is that it should give protection against corrosion, weathering and should give ultra violet resistance. The paint shop is completely dust proof and a pressurized enclosed area for dust control. The paint system gives special protection in all cavities and box sections to ensure that there is complete corrosion resistance. In addition to all these there is also a shot blasting facility for trailers and tipper bodies.

Volvo is expected to commence its welding of stamped panels for the cab this year. It is believed that this breakdown in the cab aggregate will help to increase the local content in the local operations and will add even great flexibility. Volvo in India is planning to upgrade its paint shop to a multi-layer paint process.

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Environment and safety

Volvo in India follows the global Volvo in its environmental strategies. The main focus is on minimizing resource consumption and waste management besides ensuring that significant energy savings is achieved periodically. The Volvo group also aims to integrate the suppliers also in line with the core values of the organizations.

The Volvo factory at Hoskote is ISO 9001 and EMS 14001 certified.

Some of the activities with regard to environmental conservation includes usage of some advanced techniques and systems. Some of them are listed below:

 Closed loop systems in paint shop

 Tertiary treatment in waste water treatment

 Reverse osmosis and effluent treatment

 Painting process in environmental control booths

 100% treated waste water reutilized for gardening

Other special steps taken towards environmental conservation are

 No use of asbestos

 Refrigerant in cab and building is not a CFC based

 Halton free fire extinguishers

 Factory noise levels at boundaries are well within legal limits

All the activities of the factor are subject to strict safety precautions and all the movements are carefully planned. All the operators are equipped with special suits, safety gear, necessary gloves and ear cover. The leakages are tested using recycled oil which is recycled in the silos located nearby.

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Technological processes in the product

Volvo trucks are the specialists in applied materials technology. Volvo materials technology is a department of specialists who have expertise in applied material science and technology. They assist the Volvo group, Volvo Corporation and other external customers. All the required competence and the developmental resources are provided by this department. The main tasks also the resources for metallic materials science for product process and development is also supplied by this department.

The main tasks performed by the technological department are failure analysis, new materials development, mechanical testing, materials selection and characterization, production process advice and standard interpretation.

Materials technology has all the facilities like laboratories for metallic materials located in Gothenburg, Lyon, Ageo and Hagerstown. The non-metallic materials laboratory is located in Lyon with local support in Greensboro. The materials technology laboratories have approximately 75 employees.

The main areas of focus for competence are within the following:

 Forged materials

 Heat treatments

 Cast materials

 Surface technology

 Polymers

 Corrosion

 Sheet metals

 Welding

 Bolted joint technology

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Technology- Volvo dealer network

The world class dealer network ensures that the trucks are never far away from the quality care and maintenance that comes along with the Volvo truck. There are more than 360 dealers and thousands of service locations across north America.

The option of Volvo truck’s uptime services are very useful in every step of the service event and makes sure that the trucks stayed in the places where they belonged.

Exclusive technology for getting access to a range of benefits through the Volvo dealers including online parts ordering, online credit facilities etc.

Volvo certified uptime centers – all the service bays are redesigned by adopting standardized processes and work flows to speed the repair time through faster diagnostics and more efficient services. The process is carried on all across north America. But to become a certified uptime center dealers must implement lot of strategic changes and modifications to their service processes.

The Volvo uptime center offers round the clock assistance anywhere in the world in united states and Canada. Volvo action service comprises of a team of highly qualified and trained uptime experts who are capable of managing service, scheduling repairs, and tackling any other issue that happens on the road. Within minutes, the driver is connected to a member Volvo action service.

Support from the uptime center through the Volvo action service is available at no charge for 2 years with every Volvo truck and offers access to these services.

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REMOTE DIAGNOSTICS

This technology helps whenever there is an unexpected downtime in times of monitoring the Volvo engine and during the after treatment. It offers a unique range of benefits. Some are listed below:

 Proactive diagnostics

 Detailed analysis of critical fault codes

 Streamlined service procedures

Volvo aims to go beyond the diagnostic technology and to deliver actionable and sustainable solutions.

YELLOW CASES: these codes do not interrupt truck operations and these do not pose an urgency to be attended and can be attended at a later date. These codes just help to make some proactive decisions.

RED CASES: these codes actually disrupt the normal truck operations and it causes an engine de-rate or even a shut down and this will imply that there is an immediate repair that is to

VOLVO UPTIME CENTERVOLVO UPTIME CENTERVOLVO UPTIME CENTERVOLVO UPTIME CENTERVOLVO UPTIME CENTERVOLVO UPTIME CENTER

ROAD SIDE ROAD SIDE ROAD SIDE ROAD SIDE ROAD SIDE ROAD SIDE ROAD SIDE ASSISSTANCE ASSISSTANCE ASSISSTANCEASSISSTANCEASSISSTANCE

LOCAL LOCAL LOCAL FORWARDINGFORWARDING FORWARDING FORWARDING

PARTS EXPEDITINGPARTS EXPEDITING PARTS EXPEDITINGPARTS EXPEDITING PARTS EXPEDITING

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be done. This technology provides the technicians with critical information well in advance before the arrival of the truck so that they have enough time to repair and address the issue.

VOLVO GEO-FENCING: this technology uses the functions of GPS to establish a virtual perimeter around all the Volvo’s North American dealers. This technology identifies if the truck is coming for service to the dealer so that he can prepare for a well-planned and an efficient service.

ASIST SERVICE MANAGEMENT PLATFORM:

It is a service management platform that enables the users to monitor the vehicle status , receive electronic estimates, approve repairs, issue purchase orders and to communicate directly with the dealer. It is a simple user friendly web based tool.

For the trucks with the remote diagnostics ASIST also provides seamless communication between the service manager and the truck and also with the dealers and the Volvo uptime center.

The main reasons for establishing this web based technology was for three main reasons

 Manage assets with ease

 Streamline communication

 Ensure accurate estimates

PREMIUM MAINTENANCE PLANS:

This is the method to plan ahead. This technology believes that preventive maintenance plans will improve vehicle uptime, increases productivity and makes sure that all the tasks are done efficiently. Proactive repair management is a part of this technology that triggers an automatic check for pending maintenance recalls and service programs.

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PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES

Since its inception Volvo had always laid emphasis on automobile safety. The production system was oriented towards the production of world’s safest automobiles and vehicles. All the vehicles are subject to strict checking procedures and are made to undergo several tests. These tests include computer simulation, component testing and crash testing.

Earlier Volvo used to suffer a lot from high amount of absenteeism and employee turnover. There were issues with the vehicles that left the factory and huge costs were incurred in replacing them. Traditional assembly line model posed many problems as there was no room for flexibility of operations and thus it made the work atmosphere unattractive.

The management practices of Volvo aim to build and create value for their shareholders. Volvos strategic objectives are based on customers’ requirements and for operational excellence. They believe that focusing on their objectives is there competitive strength. Emphasis is laid also on

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short term profitability and it is believed that it is the main key for sustainable growth and allows the organization to manage its business cycles and compete on a global scale. Volvo believes that operational excellence is the only way to achieve customer satisfaction. The best practices of Volvo improve the effectiveness and the productivity of the firm. The management practices aim at improving the business cycle management and by means of the same to reduce the costs, improve flexibility and adding customer value.

The corporate values of Volvo emphasizes on quality, safety, and environmental care. They believe in delivering best of the services and reliable products. Continuous improvement in the processes and products based on the customers’ needs results in specialization and excellence. Safety is not about reducing the amount of accidents but aims at completely avoiding the occurrence of such unforeseen events by providing the best of the safety equipment’s and maintaining high levels of standards. And the environmental care makes sure that no single action of Volvo and its operations affect the nature in any small way. The fuel efficiency is improved and the emissions are well controlled and treated before they are let out in the environment. These three values of quality safety and environmental conservation forms the pillar of all the brands of Volvo and it is believed that investment in these values brings unique benefits to their customers.

The management practices make sure that all the strengths are utilized to the fullest way and in a most optimum manner. The power lies in leveraging the all the synergies across the group in all different areas and departments. Volvo believes that integration and coordination across the activities of the firm will result on increased volumes increased efficiency and in developing the capabilities of the firm and to improve cash flow and profitability.

All the management practices are built by keeping the fundamental cultural values of the firm as its base. The culture involves empowerment of all the employees and at the same time giving them adequate responsibility for achieving the desired results. This means that each and everyone in the firm is well aware of the fundamental values and cultural orientations and behaves accordingly in achieving the objectives. Unlike a business model, key strengths and strategies, value propositions the culture of any organization is very difficult for the competitors to copy and to implement. The firm believes that cohesive culture that takes into account the

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values of different systems all across the world is the best way to make Volvo group the best employer, business partner and the most trusted business group.

The Volvo group cares about the future of the organization in terms of its development and growth. The main aim of Volvo is to make a difference and to stand out in the long run. All the decisions and changes made are backed up by individual responsibility and a strong sense of commitment to meet the target objectives. Volvo believes that involving the employees in all its strategic decisions would give them empowerment and create a sense of belongingness and helps the employees to clearly define their roles and responsibility.

Volvo acknowledges the fact that there are people from different backgrounds and different diversities and it becomes important that all of them are treated equally with equal respect and importance. This same logic applies when it comes to treatment of customers also. The main strategy is to convert all the differences of the personnel into advantages. It increases the productivity and the ability to innovate. Volvo is actively establishing its management practices and business practices and other networks that enables every individual in the organization to contribute to its fullest.

The Volvo group remains firm on its commitment on significantly reducing its environmental impact and to make a difference. All the employees are made to undergo social responsibility practices and to invoke a sense of eco consciousness among the employees. The behavior as an employee as well as a responsible citizen is both important to contribute significant values to the firm and to the society.

The ethical management practices include strict measures for non-compliance. There is an action plan that is undertaken in case a supplier does not qualify in a particular critical aspect. Volvo aims to work with the non-compliant workers and suppliers and ensures that the issues are resolved. All the Volvos group purchasers and quality engineers have been trained on business ethics , social justice and environmental issues on a global perspective. Volvo practices a self-assessment approach to test the performance of the supplier and to see if it is in line with the ethical standards and requirements. There is a harmonized automobile service evaluation that will help in facilitating accuracy and transparency. There is also a supplier evaluation model that evaluates the potential of current suppliers.

It is a general management policy to source near to the production sites to ensure efficient and smooth flow of supplies. It is a general rule that sales of the Volvo group should not account to less than 30% of a suppliers turnover.

Pursuing some of the responsible sourcing principles is also one of the main practices of Volvo.it results in higher productivity and stable long term relationship that should benefit all the stakeholders. The code of conduct sets out all the required principals and standards. All the innovations aims at building some value to the stakeholders. The involvement of customers ensures that there is deeper understanding of the varied business needs.

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PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY:

The concept of articulated truck was first developed by the Volvo group. It is still the undisputed leader in terms of global machinery technology. It has the articulated hauling in the most demanding conditions and in extreme terrain conditions and applications. Right from mining tunneling to earthmoving the Volvo trucks makes the job easier and much standardized every day.

Volvos construction equipment includes a variety of wheel loaders, articulated haulers, hydraulic excavators, motor graders, soil and asphalt compactors, pavers, backhoe loaders ,skid steers, milling machines etc.

The production machinery plants of Volvo is situated in wide distributed network of countries such as USA, Brazil, Scotland, Sweden, France, Germany, Poland, India, China, Russia and Korea. The Volvo group also is the leader in offering worldwide services and a range of aftermarket solutions in financing and in used equipment. Volvo Construction Equipment sells machines under three brands: Volvo, SDLG and Terex Trucks.

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CAPACITY MANAGEMENT:

Volvo has the preapproved level in SEM and all the suppliers have to achieve attest a minimum of 50% in an normal SEM and must atleast reach minimum of all the stopping parameters. Volvo is considered as the most preferred customer by its suppliers and to be valued as the most preferred customer by all its key suppliers Volvo has to establish so many parameters.

For example suppliers are the ones to be the beneficiaries of its innovations, from all the quality standards and performance of current businesses. Volvo has always had full commitment and understanding of the requirements of all its stakeholders both in terms of negotiations and procurement. Any agreement that is entered into by Volvo it is important that the agreed upon and honoured by all its suppliers and particular organization as its preferred customer.

In the capacity management of Volvo the suppliers will have the control over the processes to attain the required capacity.

Cost management includes meeting the necessary payment terms. It is important that all the suppliers should comply with all the payment requirements. Also the supplier must be able to comply with all the cost targets that has been set. The responsibility of taking the warranty cost must also be borne by the suppliers. The suppliers are required to meet certain quality and productivity standards. The suppliers should have both long term and short term plans in order to meet Volvo quality and cost targets and to maintain a competitive market position. The supplier should always be transparent in its operations with the Volvo group whenever it is being asking for inspection.

The main aim of capacity management is to ensure that the information technology services are used to their fullest capacities and that It meets all its set targets and objectives. It considers all the resources available to plan accordingly for short term and long term business requirements.

The main aim of the business capacity management is to translate the business needs and requirements into suitable tools for services and information technology infrastructure. The capacity management of Volvo group has many components to it; like service capacity management that manages controls and predicts the future performance and capacity of operational services. This involves taking proactive decisions and reactive actions that ensures that required targets are met by performance standards. The component

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capacity management includes management and utilization of IT resources and individual IT components. Capacity management reporting is set up to integrate with the other service management processes and to compile information related to service and resource capacity, utilization and performance standards.

Volvo group internal programme

The process of the internal working system into Volvo group was in the systematical way as shown in the finger

Purpose of the Initial Capacity Assessment Sheet (ICAS) &Capacity Assessment Sheet (CAS)

The ICAS and CAS is used to verify and assure that the supplier's production system will be able to produce required customer declared volume stated in the RFQ.Capacity is to be demonstrated in all production steps.One ICAS/CAS is used for every part number.The purpose of the ICAS is to verify that the supplier has a realistic capacity planning in place for how to produce the required customer volume. The ICAS is a self-assessment used by the supplier and then submitted to and approved by Volvo.

The ICAS consists only of 2 sections:

1. Key Information

2. Capacity Planning

One ICAS-file per partnumber is issued/used.The CAS is the tool for documenting the SPR and R@R at the supplier site.

The CAS can be used either as a self-assessment by the supplier or a “live audit” tool by Volvo representatives.

The CAS consists of 7 sections:

1. Key Information

2. Capacity Planning

3. Production Run

4. Capacity Calculation

5. Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE)

6. Manufacturing Bottleneck

7. Supplier Operation Management Approval.One ICAS-file is used per part number

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FACTORS AND STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAG E:

STRENGTHS:

The strengths of Volvo group has a strong relationship with its continued success. These includes, more than 100000 employees globally present across all the countries of the world. It has several model variants to meet the varied customer preferences and choices. All the models attract a significant number of elite class customers. Its main inclination is towards the achievement and maintenance of high class driving experience. Volvo subsidiaries include brands like mack trucks, UD trucks, Volvo construction equipments, Volvo cars, Volvo buses etc.

WEAKNESSES:

Because of its high quality and performance standards it attracts mostly elite businesses and the penetration level in the moderate markets is a challenge. Other weaknesses include uncertainty about future profitability, chances of hectic competition in the industry,etc.

OPPORTUNITIES:

There are so many opportunities like the automobile markets are expanding and more market share due to expansion of Volvo trucks all across the world, possibility of developing a technological revolution in this industry. Increase in per capita income and more scope for business entities.

THREATS:

More and more competitors are coming up with more innovative features and there is an increased usage of government transport and the fuel costs are increasing at a faster rate, and there is a possibility of stringent regulations.

Data is collected for Anon.,(july25,2014)[online]http://www.mbaskool.com/brandguide/automobiles/1505-volvo.html

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Stakeholder’s analysis for Volvo trucks:

Suppliers dealers stockholders and customer are the key components of Volvos stakeholders. There are thousands of parts in the production of the Volvo truck so it is impossible for them to survive without the suppliers. All the sales and distribution is purely dependent on the dealers making them also an integral part of the supply chain of the Volvo trucks. And as for every business customers are the kings so it is for the Volvo group. The policies on the trucks and automobiles were loosened during the 1990s so that gave the biggest opportunity for the Volvo truck to flourish all across the global markets. Also the demand for trucks in the US markets reached a completely new level in the year 1998 which also gave a boost to this industry.

The truck industry is also a cyclical industry so understanding the demand and supply conditions is absolutely necessary. Inflationary pressures and increase in crude oil prices will directly affect the truck industry. There is also an increase in engine development costs that also poses a major challenge. When it comes to social environment different countries have different characteristics and the truck manufacturers have to aggressively market their products in a variety of ways because there is a lot of competition in the market and it becomes important that every firm has some distinct competitive advantage in the market to give a variety of choices to the customers.

Due to the tough political conditions in US Volvo initially failed to enter into the markets with an alliance with a local US company. Factors like restriction on the truck length due to safety reasons and impositions on the total weight of the truck, these factors had an huge impact on the profitability of the truck manufacturing companies. Also due to these regulations the number of owner operated trucks also declined.

The heavy truck industry finally reached its maturity stage in European and American markets. In US a very few companies dominated the markets. If we analyze the truck industry using porters five force model we can come up with the following conclusions

The threat of new entrants is low in case of this industry because of economies of scale and experience effects, switching costs, and the proprietary knowledge is high. The overall bargaining powers of customers are medium to low. Buyers concentration is high at the same time buyers switching costs is also high. The suppliers have the possibility to integrate forward and have their own products that are well differentiated. The overall bargaining power of the supplier is medium. The threat of substitute products is medium to low because heavy truck high utility vehicles are difficult to be substituted. There is a high amount of competitiveness and rivalry among the existing competitors and we can say that the threat is medium until and unless the industry become attractive and competition increases.

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Conclusion

Volvo group is clear with their operation system of production and the capacity of production as well as they are maintaining their suppliers with the good quality of raw materials. Volvo will is providing the satisfying customer services and they have a various spare parts to attract the customers. Volvo has different models of cabins and container to reach different customer perception.

Volvo was using different software to production and for the quality measure. Volvo can also know for its safety driving as trucks are containing a lots of safety measures.

Volvo has achieved a lots of quality and sanity awards

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References

1)Olof persson ,president(july9,2012). The CEO of the Volvo group [online]http://www.volvotrucks.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/VTC/Corporate/Values-2012/VTC_Quality_Policy%20-%20English.pdf

2)Anon.,(july25,2014)[online]

http://www.mbaskool.com/brandguide/automobiles/1505-volvo.html

3)Mukherjee, s.,2009.projct manager for software development. 2ed.mumbai:jaico publishing house.

4)Anon.,(November10,2007)[online]

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/28445609_1_volvo-trucks-business-managing-director-eric-leblanc

5)Anon., n .d.[online]

http://www.silvertipdesign.com/BR(Imperial)/%5B5,17%5D%20Emis_eng_20640_03017.pdf

6)Anon.,n.d.[online]

http://www.volvoce.com/constructionequipment/corporate/en-gb/quality/product_life_cycle_quality/manufacturing_quality/Pages/manufacturing_quality.aspx

7)AB Volvo (publ) ., 2014.

Investor Relations and Corporate Financial Reporting, www.volvogroup.com

8)Anon.,n.d.[online]

https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/175764/volvo-cars-announces-range-of-updates-for-model-year-2016

9)Anon.,n.d.[online]

http://www.volvogroup.com/group/global/en-gb/VOLVO%20GROUP/OUR%20COMPANIES/GTTECHNOLOGY/Pages/GTT2.aspx

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10)Volvo grup.,2013. Annual report http://www3.volvo.com/investors/finrep/ar13/eng/productdevelopment/introduction.html group.,2013

11)Anon.,n.d.[online]

http://www.volvoroup .com/global/quality